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1 Scan with Compensation
Abbreviation: SWCУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Scan with Compensation
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2 compensation
compensation [kɔ̃pɑ̃sasjɔ̃]feminine noun( = dédommagement) compensation* * *kɔ̃pɑ̃sasjɔ̃nom féminin compensation* * *kɔ̃pɑ̃sasjɔ̃ nf1) [perte, désavantage] compensationen compensation — in compensation, as compensation
2) BANQUE clearing* * *compensation nf1 ( action de compenser) compensation; en compensation ils nous ont payé l'hôtel as compensation they paid for the hotel; ils ont reçu une forte somme en compensation des travaux effectués they received a large sum as compensation for the work carried out; elle a obtenu 2 500 euros en compensation she got 2,500 euros in compensation;2 ( avantage accordé) compensation ¢; recevoir une compensation to receive compensation; ils ont obtenu des compensations financières they obtained financial compensation; comme or à titre de compensation in ou by way of compensation; ils font des heures supplémentaires sans compensation they are working overtime with no compensation;3 Écon countertrade, compensation;4 Fin clearance; ⇒ accord, cours;[kɔ̃pɑ̃sasjɔ̃] nom féminin1. [dédommagement] compensation2. FINANCE [de dettes] offsetting[de chèques] clearing3. DROIT————————en compensation locution adverbialeas a ou by way of (a) compensation————————en compensation de locution prépositionnelleby way of compensation ou as compensation ou to compensate for -
3 compenso
com-penso ( conp-), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a., to poise, weigh several things with one another; hence, in the lang. of business, to equalize one thing with another by weighing, to balance with one another, to make good, compensate, balance against, lit. and trop. (class. in prose and poetry; most freq. in Cic.); constr. aliquid cum aliquā re, aliquā re, or absol.I.In gen.(α).Cum aliquā re:(β).nonne compensabit cum uno versiculo tot mea volumina laudum suarum,
Cic. Pis. 30, 75:laetitiam cum doloribus,
id. Fin. 2, 30, 97:bona cum vitiis,
Hor. S. 1, 3, 70.—Aliquā re:II.summi labores nostri magnā compensati gloriā,
Cic. de Or. 3, 4, 14; id. Font. 5, 13 (1, 3):damna ab aliquo aetatis fructu compensata,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 33: o vix ullo otio compensandam hanc rei publicae turpitudinem, id. Att. 7, 18, 2; id. Or. 69, 231:paucitatem pedum gravitatis suae (sc. spondei) tarditate,
id. ib. 64, 216:tot amissis te unum,
Ov. H. 3, 51: pecuniam pedibus, to make up for the low price in shoe-leather, Cato ap. Cic. Fl. 29, 72:facinora ministerio,
Curt. 10, 1, 2: reprehendens aliā laude compenses, * Quint. 11, 1, 87.—In post-Aug. poets, of a way, to shorten, spare, save:longum iter,
Sen. Hippol. 83 (cf. pensare iter, Luc. 9, 685).—Hence, compensātō, adv., with compensation or reward, Tert. Pall. 2 (al. leg. compensati). -
4 conpenso
com-penso ( conp-), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a., to poise, weigh several things with one another; hence, in the lang. of business, to equalize one thing with another by weighing, to balance with one another, to make good, compensate, balance against, lit. and trop. (class. in prose and poetry; most freq. in Cic.); constr. aliquid cum aliquā re, aliquā re, or absol.I.In gen.(α).Cum aliquā re:(β).nonne compensabit cum uno versiculo tot mea volumina laudum suarum,
Cic. Pis. 30, 75:laetitiam cum doloribus,
id. Fin. 2, 30, 97:bona cum vitiis,
Hor. S. 1, 3, 70.—Aliquā re:II.summi labores nostri magnā compensati gloriā,
Cic. de Or. 3, 4, 14; id. Font. 5, 13 (1, 3):damna ab aliquo aetatis fructu compensata,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 33: o vix ullo otio compensandam hanc rei publicae turpitudinem, id. Att. 7, 18, 2; id. Or. 69, 231:paucitatem pedum gravitatis suae (sc. spondei) tarditate,
id. ib. 64, 216:tot amissis te unum,
Ov. H. 3, 51: pecuniam pedibus, to make up for the low price in shoe-leather, Cato ap. Cic. Fl. 29, 72:facinora ministerio,
Curt. 10, 1, 2: reprehendens aliā laude compenses, * Quint. 11, 1, 87.—In post-Aug. poets, of a way, to shorten, spare, save:longum iter,
Sen. Hippol. 83 (cf. pensare iter, Luc. 9, 685).—Hence, compensātō, adv., with compensation or reward, Tert. Pall. 2 (al. leg. compensati). -
5 поиск при движении с поправкой на скорость
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > поиск при движении с поправкой на скорость
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6 произвести цессию территории с соответствующим возмещением
Diplomatic term: make the cession with compensationУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > произвести цессию территории с соответствующим возмещением
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7 compensato
with compensation/reward -
8 изменение значения параметра в зависимости от температуры окружающего воздуха
изменение значения параметра в зависимости от температуры окружающего воздуха
Параллельные тексты EN-RU
-Rated current compensation in accordance with ambient temperature
When normal ambient temperature exceeds the temperature specified in the environment the following formula help to select the applicable current.
[LS Industrial Systems]Изменение номинального тока в зависимости от температуры окружающего воздуха
Если температура окружающего воздуха будет превышать контрольную температуру, то допустимый рабочий ток можно рассчитать по приведенной ниже формуле.
[Перевод Интент]Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > изменение значения параметра в зависимости от температуры окружающего воздуха
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9 процентное возмещение
Бизнес, юриспруденция. Русско-английский словарь > процентное возмещение
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10 оговорка о возмещении
Бизнес, юриспруденция. Русско-английский словарь > оговорка о возмещении
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11 решение о возмещении
Бизнес, юриспруденция. Русско-английский словарь > решение о возмещении
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12 процентное возмещение
Юридический русско-английский словарь > процентное возмещение
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13 процентное возмещение
Русско-английский словарь по экономии > процентное возмещение
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14 процентное возмещение
Русско-английский юридический словарь > процентное возмещение
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15 компенсационный уровень
[lang name="Russian"]уровень D/U — DU level
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16 compensar
v.1 to make up for (valer la pena).no me compensa (perder tanto tiempo) it's not worth my while (wasting all that time)2 to compensate, to balance, to compensate for, to make for.El dinero compensa la pérdida The money compensates the loss.El jefe compensa a la chica The boss compensates the girl.El juez compensó a María por el accidente The judge compensated Mary for...3 to clear.El juez compensó el caso de Ricardo The judge cleared John's case.* * *1 (pérdida, error) to make up for2 (indemnizar) to compensate, indemnify3 TÉCNICA to balance, compensate4 familiar (merecer la pena) to be worth one's while* * *verb* * *1. VT1) (=indemnizar) to compensate ( por for)lo compensaron con 100 dólares por los cristales rotos — he received 100 dollars compensation for the broken windows
¿cómo puedo compensarte por lo que has hecho por mí? — how can I repay you for what you have done for me?
2) (=equilibrar) [+ pérdida, falta] to compensate for, make up for; [+ efecto, bajada] to compensate for, offset; [+ gastos] to repay, reimburse; [+ error] to make amends forle ponen luz artificial para compensar la falta de sol — they put in artificial lighting to compensate for o make up for the lack of sunlight
3) (Mec) [+ ruedas] to balance4) (Econ) [+ cheque] to clear2.VIno compensa — it's not worth it, it's not worthwhile
te compensa hacerlo — it's worth you doing it, it's worth your while doing it o to do it
compensa gastarse más dinero ahora y ahorrarlo después — it pays to spend more now and save money later, it's worth spending more now to save money later on
* * *1.verbo intransitivo2.no compensa hacer un viaje tan largo — it's not worth making such a long journey; (+ me/te/le etc)
compensar vt1)a) ( contrarrestar) <pérdida/deficiencia> to compensate for, make up for; < efecto> to offsetb) < persona>lo compensaron con $2.000 por los daños — he was awarded $2,000 compensation in damages
quisiera compensarte de alguna manera por la molestia — I would like to repay you in some way for all your trouble
2) < cheque> to clear3.compensarse v prona) fuerzas (recípr) to compensate each other, cancel each other outb) pérdida/efectose compensa con una rebaja en los impuestos — it is offset by o compensated for by tax cuts
* * *= compensate, offset, repay, even out, balance, make + amends (for/to), balance out, requite.Ex. Whatever the immediate difficulties may be, they will be more than compensated for by the long-term benefits of automated bibliographic control.Ex. Space requirements are less and capital outlay is considerably less, though this is offset by the higher maintenance costs.Ex. The administrator will be more than repaid by high staff morale for all the trouble-shooting and unglamorous behind-the-scenes planning.Ex. But damp paper was still preferred for much ordinary printing until late in the nineteenth century, partly because it evened out the minor inequalities of used type in the days before the introduction of hot-metal composing machines which cast type afresh for each job.Ex. It often requires careful diplomacy by acquisitions librarians to balance sharp faculty interests.Ex. The scholarships were established in 1979 to help make amends for the state's history of excluding blacks from the university.Ex. If you do this it should balance out some of the negative thoughts you're having and know that in the end que sera sera, what's meant to be will be.Ex. The sultan requited the king of China's present by sending him ten swords with scabbards encrusted in pearls.----* compensar a Alguien = make + it + up to + Alguien.* compensar por = make up for, outweigh, outbalance.* * *1.verbo intransitivo2.no compensa hacer un viaje tan largo — it's not worth making such a long journey; (+ me/te/le etc)
compensar vt1)a) ( contrarrestar) <pérdida/deficiencia> to compensate for, make up for; < efecto> to offsetb) < persona>lo compensaron con $2.000 por los daños — he was awarded $2,000 compensation in damages
quisiera compensarte de alguna manera por la molestia — I would like to repay you in some way for all your trouble
2) < cheque> to clear3.compensarse v prona) fuerzas (recípr) to compensate each other, cancel each other outb) pérdida/efectose compensa con una rebaja en los impuestos — it is offset by o compensated for by tax cuts
* * *= compensate, offset, repay, even out, balance, make + amends (for/to), balance out, requite.Ex: Whatever the immediate difficulties may be, they will be more than compensated for by the long-term benefits of automated bibliographic control.
Ex: Space requirements are less and capital outlay is considerably less, though this is offset by the higher maintenance costs.Ex: The administrator will be more than repaid by high staff morale for all the trouble-shooting and unglamorous behind-the-scenes planning.Ex: But damp paper was still preferred for much ordinary printing until late in the nineteenth century, partly because it evened out the minor inequalities of used type in the days before the introduction of hot-metal composing machines which cast type afresh for each job.Ex: It often requires careful diplomacy by acquisitions librarians to balance sharp faculty interests.Ex: The scholarships were established in 1979 to help make amends for the state's history of excluding blacks from the university.Ex: If you do this it should balance out some of the negative thoughts you're having and know that in the end que sera sera, what's meant to be will be.Ex: The sultan requited the king of China's present by sending him ten swords with scabbards encrusted in pearls.* compensar a Alguien = make + it + up to + Alguien.* compensar por = make up for, outweigh, outbalance.* * *compensar [A1 ]vino compensa hacer un viaje tan largo para quedarse sólo tres días it's not worth making such a long journey just to stay three days(+ me/te/le etc): no me compensa hacerlo por tan poco dinero it's not worth my while doing it for so little moneyno creo que le compense venirse hasta aquí para trabajar dos horas I don't think it's worth her coming here (just) to work two hours■ compensarvtA1 ‹pérdida› to compensate for, make up for; ‹efecto› to offset2 ‹persona› compensar a algn POR algo to compensate sb FOR sthlo compensaron con $2.000 por los daños he was awarded $2,000 compensation in damagesquisiera compensarte de alguna manera por la molestia I would like to repay you in some way for all your troubleB ‹cheque› to clear1 «fuerzas» ( recípr) to compensate each other, cancel each other out2«pérdida/efecto»: compensarse CON algo: esto se compensa con una rebaja en los impuestos this is offset by o compensated for by tax cuts* * *
compensar ( conjugate compensar) verbo intransitivo:
no me compensa it's not worth my while
verbo transitivo
1
‹ efecto› to offset;
◊ lo compensaron con $2.000 por los daños he was awarded $2,000 compensation in damages
2 ‹ cheque› to clear
compensarse verbo pronominal [ fuerzas] ( recípr) to compensate each other, cancel each other out
compensar
I verbo transitivo
1 (equilibrar) to make up for
2 (indemnizar) to compensate (for)
II verbo intransitivo (merecer la pena) to be worthwhile: no me compensa vivir tan lejos, it's not worth my while to live so far away
' compensar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
amortizar
- comida
- comido
- gratificar
- suplir
- recuperar
- resarcir
English:
amends
- atone
- compensate
- good
- hedge
- make up
- make up for
- offset
- redeem
- cancel
- even
- off
* * *♦ vt1. [contrarrestar] to make up for;su talento compensa la falta de educación formal her talent makes up for the fact that she lacks a formal education;compensaron las pérdidas con las ganancias the profit they made cancelled out their lossesla compensaron con 2 millones she got 2 million in compensation;te compensaré por el esfuerzo I'll make it worth your while♦ vito be worthwhile;no compensa it's not worth it;no me compensa (perder tanto tiempo) it's not worth my while (wasting all that time);compensa más comprarlo a granel it pays o it's more economical to buy it in bulk♦ See also the pronominal verb compensarse* * *I v/t compensate ( por for)II v/i figbe worthwhile* * *compensar vt: to compensate for, to make up forcompensar vi: to be worth one's while* * *compensar vb1. (contrarrestar) to make up for / to compensateel jefe nos compensará las horas extras con un aumento de sueldo the boss will compensate us for the overtime with a pay rise3. (valer la pena) to be worth your while -
17 коррекция
adjustment, amendment, ( параметров) changing машиностр., compensation, correction, equalization, offset, offsetting, update, updating* * *корре́кция ж.1. correction2. ( процесс) slavingамплиту́дная корре́кция свз. — amplitude equalization, frequency correctionамплиту́дно-часто́тная корре́кция — frequency-response equalizationамплиту́дно-часто́тная корре́кция на ве́рхних часто́тах ( полосы пропускания) — high-frequency compensationамплиту́дно-часто́тная корре́кция на ни́зких часто́тах ( полосы пропускания) — low-frequency compensationкорре́кция аперту́рных искаже́ний — aperture compensationкорре́кция астигмати́зма — astigmatism correctionкорре́кция бочкообра́зного искаже́ния ра́стра тлв. — barrel correctionвысокочасто́тная корре́кция — high-frequency compensationвысо́тная корре́кция — altitude correction, altitude compensationкорре́кция гироко́мпаса, азимута́льная навиг. — slaving to [synchronization with] the earth's meridianкорре́кция гироко́мпаса, инерциа́льная навиг. — inertial slavingкорре́кция гироко́мпаса, магни́тная навиг. — magnetic slavingвводи́ть магни́тную корре́кцию гироко́мпаса по магни́тному ко́мпасу — reset the directional gyro with a magnetic compassкорре́кция гиромагни́тного ко́мпаса по магни́тному ко́мпасу, азимута́льная навиг. — slaving [synchronization] via [by means of] a magnetic compassкорре́кция гироско́па — (gyro) monitoring, (gyro) slavingвыключа́ть корре́кцию гироско́па — disconnect [disable] the monitorкорре́кция гироско́па осуществля́ется генера́тором-корре́ктором — a torque generator inserts correcting signals to re-align the gyro to the correct positionкорре́кция гироско́па, ма́ятниковая — gravity monitoring, gravity slavingкорре́кция града́ций я́ркости — gamma correctionкорре́кция движе́ния ( в космическом полёте) — motion correctionкорре́кция динами́ческих свойств автмт. — dynamic correctionкорре́кция ку́рса сле́дования навиг. — course correctionнизкочасто́тная корре́кция — low-frequency compensationкорре́кция по возде́йствию автмт. — position [proportional] (corrective) actionкорре́кция подушкообра́зного искаже́ния ра́стра тлв. — pin-cushion correctionкорре́кция по произво́дной автмт. — derivative (corrective) actionкорре́кция по ско́рости автмт. — rate (corrective) actionкорре́кция постискаже́ния свз., тлв. — de-emphasis, post-emphasis, post-equalizationкорре́кция предыскаже́ния свз., тлв. — pre-emphasis, predistortion, pre-equalizationкорре́кция систе́мы регули́рования — improvement of control-system performance; ( устранение нежелательного фактора) compensation; ( стабилизация) stabilizationкорре́кция систе́мы регули́рования, паралле́льная — feedback [parallel] compensation; feedback [parallel] stabilizationкорре́кция систе́мы регули́рования, после́довательная — series [cascade] compensation; series [cascade] stabilizationкорре́кция трапецеида́льного искаже́ния тлв. — keystone correctionкорре́кция фа́зовых искаже́ний — phase correctionхромати́ческая корре́кция — colour correctionкорре́кция часто́тной характери́стики — frequency(-response) compensation; frequency-response equalizationкорре́кция часто́тной характери́стики, форси́рованная паралле́льная — shunt-peaking frequency compensation -
18 despido
m.1 dismissal.despido forzoso compulsory redundancydespido improcedente wrongful dismissal; (por incumplimiento de contrato) unfair dismissal (por ir contra el derecho laboral)2 layoff, dismissal, discharge, removal from office.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: despedir.* * *1 dismissal, sacking\despido improcedente wrongful dismissal, unfair dismissal* * *noun m.* * *SM1) dismissal, sacking *despido arbitrario — wrongful dismissal, unfair dismissal
despido improcedente — wrongful dismissal, unfair dismissal
despido injustificado, despido injusto — wrongful dismissal, unfair dismissal
2) (=pago) severance pay, redundancy payment* * *masculino dismissal; ( por falta de trabajo) redundancy, layoff (AmE)* * *= dismissal, redundancy, discharge, layoff, termination, firing, sacking, job cut.Ex. In this context, salaries, bonus schemes and promotion are considered along with the corollaries of discipline and even dismissal for those who do not meet the required standard.Ex. Employers have often made 'no redundancy' agreements with unions implying that reductions have been arbitrary in their effect.Ex. A union contract usually spells out policies and procedures and workers' rights with respect to discharge.Ex. The director amplified: 'The personal touch would probably take some sting out of the layoff, but if I did it this way I could avoid involved discussions'.Ex. No area of library operations would be unaffected -- from the selection of materials to the hiring and termination of personnel.Ex. Librarians tend to be sued most frequently in actions involving personnel decisions (hiring, disciplining and firing employees).Ex. Helen Clark is refusing to say how big a cabinet reshuffle will be in the wake of David Benson's sacking.Ex. Microsoft has just announced 1400 job cuts to reduce costs.----* compensación por despido = redundancy payment, severance compensation, severance pay, golden handshake, severance scheme, redundancy pay.* despido improcedente = wrongful dismissal.* indemnización por despido = severance compensation, severance pay, golden handshake, severance scheme, redundancy pay.* * *masculino dismissal; ( por falta de trabajo) redundancy, layoff (AmE)* * *= dismissal, redundancy, discharge, layoff, termination, firing, sacking, job cut.Ex: In this context, salaries, bonus schemes and promotion are considered along with the corollaries of discipline and even dismissal for those who do not meet the required standard.
Ex: Employers have often made 'no redundancy' agreements with unions implying that reductions have been arbitrary in their effect.Ex: A union contract usually spells out policies and procedures and workers' rights with respect to discharge.Ex: The director amplified: 'The personal touch would probably take some sting out of the layoff, but if I did it this way I could avoid involved discussions'.Ex: No area of library operations would be unaffected -- from the selection of materials to the hiring and termination of personnel.Ex: Librarians tend to be sued most frequently in actions involving personnel decisions (hiring, disciplining and firing employees).Ex: Helen Clark is refusing to say how big a cabinet reshuffle will be in the wake of David Benson's sacking.Ex: Microsoft has just announced 1400 job cuts to reduce costs.* compensación por despido = redundancy payment, severance compensation, severance pay, golden handshake, severance scheme, redundancy pay.* despido improcedente = wrongful dismissal.* indemnización por despido = severance compensation, severance pay, golden handshake, severance scheme, redundancy pay.* * *dismissal; (por falta de trabajo) redundancy, layoff ( AmE)Compuestos:mass dismissal● despido improcedente or indebido or injustificadounfair o wrongful dismissal* * *
Del verbo despedir: ( conjugate despedir)
despido es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
Multiple Entries:
despedir
despido
despedir ( conjugate despedir) verbo transitivo
1 ( decir adiós):
2 ( del trabajo) to dismiss, fire (colloq);
( por reducción de personal) to lay off
3 ‹ olor› to give off;
‹humo/vapor› to emit, give off;
el conductor salió despedido del asiento the driver was thrown out of his seat
despedirse verbo pronominal ( decir adiós) to say goodbye;
despidose de algn to say goodbye to sb
despido sustantivo masculino
dismissal;
( por falta de trabajo) redundancy, layoff
despedir verbo transitivo
1 (a un empleado) to sack, fire
2 (a alguien que se va) to see off
3 to say goodbye to
4 (aroma, humo, etc) to give off
despido sustantivo masculino dismissal, sacking
' despido' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
oler
- cesantía
- desahuciar
- indemnización
- indemnizar
- injustificado
- liquidación
English:
by-product
- dismissal
- gross
- notice
- push
- redundancy
- redundancy pay
- removal
- sack
- sacking
- severance
- unfair dismissal
- result
* * *♦ nm1. [expulsión] dismissal;su falta de disciplina precipitó su despido his lack of discipline led to his dismissal o sacking;la reestructuración de la empresa significó docenas de despidos the restructuring of the company meant dozens of lay-offsdespido colectivo mass lay-off o Br redundancy;despido improcedente [por incumplimiento de contrato] wrongful dismissal;[por ir contra el derecho laboral] unfair o illegal dismissal;despido inmediato summary dismissal;despido libre dismissal without compensation;2. [indemnización] redundancy money, US severance payment* * *m1 dismissal2 ( indemnización) severance pay* * *despido nm: dismissal, layoff* * *despido n redundancy [pl. redundancies] -
19 Le Roy, Pierre
SUBJECT AREA: Horology[br]b. 24 November 1717 Paris, Franced. 25 August 1785 Viry-sur-Orge, France[br]French horologist who invented the detached détente escapement and the compensation balance.[br]Le Roy was born into a distinguished horological family: his father, Julien, was Clockmaker to the King. Pierre became Master in 1737 and continued to work with his father, taking over the business when his father died in 1759. However, he seems to have left the commercial side of the business to others so that he could concentrate on developing the marine chronometer. Unlike John Harrison, he believed that the solution lay in detaching the escapement from the balance, and in 1748 he submitted a proposal for the first detached escapement to the Académie des Sciences in Paris. He also differed from Harrison in his method of temperature compensation, which acted directly on the balance by altering its radius of gyration. This was achieved either by mounting thermometers on the balance or by using bimetallic strips which effectively reduced the diameter of the balance as the temperature rose (with refinements, this later became the standard method of temperature compensation in watches and chronometers). Le Roy had already discovered that for every spiral balance spring there was a particular length at which it would be isochronous, and this method of temperature compensation did not destroy that isochronism by altering the length, as other methods did. These innovations were incorporated in a chronometer with an improved detached escapement which he presented to Louis XV in 1766 and described in a memoir to the Académie des Sciences. This instrument contained the three essential elements of all subsequent chronometers: an isochronous balance spring, a detached escapement and a balance with temperature compensation. Its performance was similar to that of Harrison's fourth timepiece, and Le Roy was awarded prizes by the Académie des Sciences for the chronometer and for his memoir. However, his work was never fully appreciated in France, where he was over-shadowed by his rival Ferdinand Berthoud. When Berthoud was awarded the coveted title of Horloger de la Marine, Le Roy became disillusioned and shortly afterwards gave up chronometry and retired to the country.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsHorloger du Roi 1760.Bibliography1748, "Echappement à détente", Histoire et mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences.Further ReadingR.T.Gould, 1923, The Marine Chronometer: Its History and Development, London; reprinted 1960, Holland Press (still the standard work on the subject).DV -
20 Harrison, John
[br]b. 24 March 1693 Foulby, Yorkshire, Englandd. 24 March 1776 London, England[br]English horologist who constructed the first timekeeper of sufficient accuracy to determine longitude at sea and invented the gridiron pendulum for temperature compensation.[br]John Harrison was the son of a carpenter and was brought up to that trade. He was largely self-taught and learned mechanics from a copy of Nicholas Saunderson's lectures that had been lent to him. With the assistance of his younger brother, James, he built a series of unconventional clocks, mainly of wood. He was always concerned to reduce friction, without using oil, and this influenced the design of his "grasshopper" escapement. He also invented the "gridiron" compensation pendulum, which depended on the differential expansion of brass and steel. The excellent performance of his regulator clocks, which incorporated these devices, convinced him that they could also be used in a sea dock to compete for the longitude prize. In 1714 the Government had offered a prize of £20,000 for a method of determining longitude at sea to within half a degree after a voyage to the West Indies. In theory the longitude could be found by carrying an accurate timepiece that would indicate the time at a known longitude, but the requirements of the Act were very exacting. The timepiece would have to have a cumulative error of no more than two minutes after a voyage lasting six weeks.In 1730 Harrison went to London with his proposal for a sea clock, supported by examples of his grasshopper escapement and his gridiron pendulum. His proposal received sufficient encouragement and financial support, from George Graham and others, to enable him to return to Barrow and construct his first sea clock, which he completed five years later. This was a large and complicated machine that was made out of brass but retained the wooden wheelwork and the grasshopper escapement of the regulator clocks. The two balances were interlinked to counteract the rolling of the vessel and were controlled by helical springs operating in tension. It was the first timepiece with a balance to have temperature compensation. The effect of temperature change on the timekeeping of a balance is more pronounced than it is for a pendulum, as two effects are involved: the change in the size of the balance; and the change in the elasticity of the balance spring. Harrison compensated for both effects by using a gridiron arrangement to alter the tension in the springs. This timekeeper performed creditably when it was tested on a voyage to Lisbon, and the Board of Longitude agreed to finance improved models. Harrison's second timekeeper dispensed with the use of wood and had the added refinement of a remontoire, but even before it was tested he had embarked on a third machine. The balance of this machine was controlled by a spiral spring whose effective length was altered by a bimetallic strip to compensate for changes in temperature. In 1753 Harrison commissioned a London watchmaker, John Jefferys, to make a watch for his own personal use, with a similar form of temperature compensation and a modified verge escapement that was intended to compensate for the lack of isochronism of the balance spring. The time-keeping of this watch was surprisingly good and Harrison proceeded to build a larger and more sophisticated version, with a remontoire. This timekeeper was completed in 1759 and its performance was so remarkable that Harrison decided to enter it for the longitude prize in place of his third machine. It was tested on two voyages to the West Indies and on both occasions it met the requirements of the Act, but the Board of Longitude withheld half the prize money until they had proof that the timekeeper could be duplicated. Copies were made by Harrison and by Larcum Kendall, but the Board still continued to prevaricate and Harrison received the full amount of the prize in 1773 only after George III had intervened on his behalf.Although Harrison had shown that it was possible to construct a timepiece of sufficient accuracy to determine longitude at sea, his solution was too complex and costly to be produced in quantity. It had, for example, taken Larcum Kendall two years to produce his copy of Harrison's fourth timekeeper, but Harrison had overcome the psychological barrier and opened the door for others to produce chronometers in quantity at an affordable price. This was achieved before the end of the century by Arnold and Earnshaw, but they used an entirely different design that owed more to Le Roy than it did to Harrison and which only retained Harrison's maintaining power.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Society Copley Medal 1749.Bibliography1767, The Principles of Mr Harrison's Time-keeper, with Plates of the Same, London. 1767, Remarks on a Pamphlet Lately Published by the Rev. Mr Maskelyne Under theAuthority of the Board of Longitude, London.1775, A Description Concerning Such Mechanisms as Will Afford a Nice or True Mensuration of Time, London.Further ReadingR.T.Gould, 1923, The Marine Chronometer: Its History and Development, London; reprinted 1960, Holland Press.—1978, John Harrison and His Timekeepers, 4th edn, London: National Maritime Museum.H.Quill, 1966, John Harrison, the Man who Found Longitude, London. A.G.Randall, 1989, "The technology of John Harrison's portable timekeepers", Antiquarian Horology 18:145–60, 261–77.J.Betts, 1993, John Harrison London (a good short account of Harrison's work). S.Smiles, 1905, Men of Invention and Industry; London: John Murray, Chapter III. Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. IX, pp. 35–6.DV
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